Glutton for punishment that I am, I'll take another crack at what I was trying to get at. While the methods used were perhaps a bit more sly, Chinese laborers (and smatterings of other Asians) were certainly brought over on boats under false pretenses, and once the laborers were here they had little choice but to do what they were told, or die. The law as enforced in California gave them no protection, and the difference to being a slave was pretty much nil. Labor camps involved forced marches that, while purposely not fatal, served to keep weary malcontents in line. There's a fun hiking trail near where I used to live at Tahoe, called the Chinese Downhill*, which is a good workout for someone like me who gets to take a nap after doing it. But was a 1000 foot elevation gain for those laborers to go home each night to sleep after their hard day of work building flumes for the nearby silver mines, since they weren't permitted to camp anywhere near the white population - in addition to the effort, weather conditions get rapidly worse every 1000 feet up. I'm not Chinese, but I speculate your "only one race" paragraph might grate, if read by an activist person of Chinese descent. The article links I previously provided were to offer evidence that those in power weren't just kidding around, if those Asian immigrants started getting too noisy about asserting their theoretical rights. No, this wasn't literal slavery enshrined in a Constitution, nor a Trail of Tears for a conquered indigenous population - different era for one thing. But I think you are falling into a converse trap of looking at the current status of Asians here and believing there is nothing to learn from, nor to compare/contrast. Chinese men wound up dead under suspicious circumstances on the West Coast much as black men in the South did at about the same time. Fires broke out as manifest warnings to local populaces, in both locales. These things stopped happening after a while for Asians, and (as we know) continue today for Blacks. I can think of a few reasons why the enmity toward Asians mostly faded in ways that haven't happened for African-Americans and Native Americans, but I think it's a mistake to simply dismiss the difference out of hand. * The spoilsport USFS gave the trail a more PC name of Tyrolean Downhill, in honor of the destination neighborhood, when the trail was adopted for official maintenance, thereby obscuring what I think is an historically important story.